Social, political, and religious divisions During the Hellenis.... greek philosoph

A special group of the scribes known as ?asidim (Greek, ), or Pietists, became the forerunners of the (middle-class liberal Jews who reinterpreted the Torah and the prophetic writings to meet the needs of their times) and joined the Hasmoneans in the struggle against the Hellenists, though on religious rather than on political grounds. Josephus held that the Pharisees and the other Jewish parties were philosophical schools, and some modern scholars have argued that the groupings were primarily along economic and social lines; but the chief distinctions among them were religious and go back well before the Maccabean revolt. The chief doctrine of the Pharisees (literally Separatists) was that the Oral Law had been revealed to Moses at the same time as the Written Law. For them Judaism centred on the Temple; but about 10 years before the destruction of the Temple in 70 , the Sadducees in effect disappeared from Jewish life when the Pharisees excluded them from entering the Temp! le. Outside the pale of Judaism in most, though not all, respects were the , who, like the Sadducees, refused to recognize the validity of the Oral Law; and, in fact, the break between the Sadducees and the Samaritans did not occur until the conquest of Shechem by John Hyrcanus (128 ). In the first place, as many as 2,5003,000 words of Greek origin are to be found in the Talmudic corpus, and they supply important terms in the fields of law, government, science, religion, technology, and everyday life, especially in the popular sermons preached by the rabbis. When preaching, the Talmudic rabbis often gave the Greek translation of biblical verses for the benefit of those who understood Greek only. The prevalence of Greek in ossuary (burial) inscriptions and the discovery of Greek papyri in the Dead Sea caves confirm the widespread use of the language, though few Jews, it seems, really mastered Greek. Again, there was a surface Hellenization in the frequent adoption of Greek n! ames, even by the rabbis; and there is evidence (Talmud, So?a ! ) of a school at the beginning of the 2nd century that had 500 students of Greek wisdom. Even after 117 , when it was prohibited by the rabbis to teach one's son Greek, Rabbi , the editor of the Mishna (authoritative compilation of the Oral Law) at the end of the 2nd century, remarked, Why talk Syriac in Palestine? The rabbis never mention the Greek philosophers Plato or Aristotle or the Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo, and they never use any Greek philosophical terms; the only Greek author whom they name is Homer. greek philosoph

It is only in recent years that some of the workings of waterspouts have been unraveled, though waterspouts.... water waterspout

It is only in recent years that some of the workings of waterspouts have been unraveled, though waterspouts have been known and remarked upon since ancient times. Contrary to popular opinion, a waterspout does not suck up water to great heights, though it may lift the water level a metre or so at its point of contact with the surface. Modern scientific interest in waterspouts began with the appearance of a particularly large and persistent spout on August 19, 1896, off the coast of Massachusetts, where thousands of vacationers and several scientists observed it. Its height was estimated to be 1,095 metres (3,593 feet, or almost 0.7 mile) and its width, 256 metres (840 feet) at the crest, 43 metres (141 feet) at the centre, and 73 metres (240 feet) at the base. The shroud of spray surrounding the central funnel was about 200 metres (656 feet) wide near the water surface and 120 metres (394 feet) high. Observations from aircraft indicate that most waterspouts have a five-stage! life cycle: 1) the dark-spot stage, with a circular, raised patch of water marking the point of contact of the vortex core with the water surface; 2) the spiral-pattern stage, where a spiral is made visible by differences in waves on the water surface; 3) the spray-ring stage, where the dark spot is surrounded by a sheath of water droplets ripped from the water surface by the swirling winds; 4) the mature or spray-vortex stage, where both the spray vortex and the funnel cloud are at their maximum size and intensity; and 5) the decay stage, where the waterspout dissipates. The funnel appears to develop downward from the base of the parent cloud, reaching toward the water surface. The condensation funnel usually appears toward the end of stage 2, as the spiral pattern in the surface water waves wraps tightly around the dark spot marking the centre of the vortex. The consensus of these measurements indicates these vortices have winds in the range 15 to 85 metres per second (4! 9 to 279 feet per second), with most spouts having their maxim! um winds toward the low end of this range. Lifetimes of typical waterspouts average 5 to 10 minutes, but occasionally a large waterspout may persist for up to one hour. To form, waterspouts require warm surface water in addition to the necessary atmospheric conditions discussed above. water waterspout

Underwater swimming and diving is as old as swimming and has been perpetuated into the .... dive diver

Underwater swimming and diving is as old as swimming and has been perpetuated into the present by pearl divers and sponge divers. Attempts to construct diving apparatus go back to the 19th century, but the sport of scuba, or Aqua-Lung, diving dates from 1943, when Cousteau and the French engineer ile Gagnan developed the first fully automatic compressed-air Aqua-Lung. Clubs formed after 1943 as fast as scuba equipment became available; national associations were formed in France, Italy, Great Britain, Canada, and the United States; and in 1959 Cousteau formed, with 15 national organizations (later more than 50), the Conf ration Mondiale des Activit Subaquatique (CMAS; World Underwater Federation). The fish hunted for food and the coral hunted for ornament by primitive divers are still sought by contemporary skin divers and scuba divers. dive diver

fishing vessel that uses a trawl, a conical net that snares fish by bein.... net rope

Powered by engines of up to 5,000 horsepower, modern trawlers drag huge nets that must be hauled by rope winches and large net drums or reels. net rope

Snailfish are found in cold water�in the North Atl.... north lipari

Snailfish are found in cold waterin the North Atlantic and North Pacific and the Arctic and Antarctic seas. Some, such as the sea snail ( Liparis liparis ) of the North Atlantic, live in shore waters; others, such as the pink-coloured species of the genus Careproctus, inhabit the deep sea. north lipari

According to the treaty, each nation's sovereign territorial w.... nation mile

According to the treaty, each nation's sovereign territorial waters were to extend 12 nautical miles (22 km) beyond its coast, but foreign commercial vessels would be granted the right of innocent passage through the 12-mile zone. Every coastal nation was to have exclusive rights to the fish and other marine life in waters extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) from shore; when nations are separated by less than 400 nautical miles (741 km) of water, another dividing line must be agreed upon. Every coastal nation having a continental shelf was to have exclusive rights to the oil, gas, and other resources in the shelf up to 200 miles from shore. Although private and national mining concerns were allowed, a global mining enterprise was to be afforded a site equal in size or value to any site mined by a private or national company. nation mile

Poseidon was also the god of earthquakes, and many of his oldest pla.... poseidon god

Poseidon was also the god of earthquakes, and many of his oldest places of worship in Greece were inland. Most scholars agree that Poseidon was brought to Greece as the god of the earliest Hellenes, who also introduced the first horses to the country. Although Poseidon lost a contest for sovereignty over Attica to the goddess Athena, he was also worshiped there, particularly at Colonus, as hippios (of horses). The chief festival in Poseidon's honour was the Isthmia, the scene of famous athletic contests, celebrated in alternate years near the Isthmus of Corinth. His character as a sea god became the most prominent in art, and he was represented with the attributes of the trident, the dolphin, and the tunnyfish. poseidon god

shallow lake at the southwest corner of the 4,000-squar.... lake fish,

The swamp and the lake are fed by the Okavango River, which loses most of its flow through evaporation in the marshes. It is rich in birdlife and contains barbel fish, which are able to survive in mud for months while the lake is dry. lake fish,

Mauritius is volcanic in origin and almost surrounded by coral reefs. The northern part is a plain and rises to a central .... inch mm)

The plateau is bordered by small mountains that may have formed the rim of an ancient volcano; the highest point (2,711 feet [826 m]) is the Petite Rivi Noire Peak in the southwest. The two major rivers, the Grand River South East (about 25 miles [40 km] long) and Grand River North West are also the major sources of hydroelectric power. Annual rainfall varies from 35 inches (900 mm) on the west coast to 60 inches (1,525 mm) on the southeast coast and about 200 inches (5,080 mm) on the central plateau. inch mm)

city, port of entry, southeastern , U.S. Situated on southwestern Revillagigedo Island and part of the , it lies .... totem fish

The canning of fish (particularly salmon) subsequently became the city's chief economic activity. The city now has a diversified economy, with fishing (salmon, trout, cod, halibut, and snapper), fish processing, and timber as leading industries. More than a sixth of the city's population is Alaskan native or American Indian, and artifacts from these cultures can be seen in Ketchikan's Totem Heritage Center, which displays a number of 19th-century s gathered from uninhabited Tlingit and villages in the area. Nearby Saxman Totem Park and Totem Bight State Historical Park also have large collections of totem poles. totem fish

Kingfishers are worldwide in distribution but are chiefly tropical. They have large h.... kingfish fish,

The typical kingfishers (subfamily Alcedininae) have narrow bills and plunge into the water for small fish, many also feeding on other small aquatic animals. The only widespread North American species, the belted kingfisher ( Megaceryle alcyon ), belongs to this subfamily. The belted kingfisher lives entirely on fish, which it catches by diving headlong into the water. The forest kingfishers (subfamily Daceloninae), among which is the well-known ( q.v. APA style: kingfisher. kingfish fish,

The , with elevations up to 15,653 feet (4,771 m), and the (up to 17,113 feet [5,2.... shore lake

The , with elevations up to 15,653 feet (4,771 m), and the (up to 17,113 feet [5,216 m]) frame the Issyk-Kul Basin with steep slopes and rocky crests. Air temperatures in July on the shore average about 62 F (17 C), while in January, on the western edge of the basin, the temperatures average about 28 F (-2 C). Lake Issyk-Kul's shores open out gently, with coves on the eastern and southeastern sides. More than 20 kinds of fish live in Lake Issyk-Kul. The lake's western and eastern shores serve as a wintering place for waterfowl. To conserve the wildlife, the Issyk-Kul Preserve was founded in 1948, encompassing a lake waterfront and a 1-mile (1.6-kilometre) shore zone in which hunting is forbidden. APA style: Issyk-Kul, Lake. shore lake

Humpback whales live along the coasts of all oceans, occasionally swimm.... whale megaptera

Humpback whales live along the coasts of all oceans, occasionally swimming close to shore, even into harbours and rivers. Humpbacks use a unique method of feeding called bubblenetting, in which bubbles are exhaled as the whale swims in a spiral below a patch of water dense with food. MLA style: "humpback whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) ." APA style: humpback whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) . style: "humpback whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) ." whale megaptera

These protective tubes become encrusted with shells or are buried in sand. Horseshoe worm.... horsesho worm

Horseshoe worms, or phoronids, either are solitary or occur in groups of many thousands of individuals; one species is colonial and buds asexually. Although most horseshoe worms are found intertidally or in shallow ocean regions in temperate zones, their habitats also include tropical regions and ocean depths. In general, horseshoe worms are not common; certain species, however, may carpet the bottoms of shallow bays. Since their discovery in 1846, horseshoe worms have been associated with every animal phylum, yet the relationship of horseshoe worms to other animals remains controversial. They have not been preserved in the geological record, although fossil tubes (called Scolithus ) may belong to horseshoe worms. Embryological stages often are useful in relating animal groups, but the actinotroch larva of horseshoe worms is unique. horsesho worm

Found in warm and tropical seas, flying gurnards are elongated fish with very large pectoral fins, eac.... fly gurnard

Found in warm and tropical seas, flying gurnards are elongated fish with very large pectoral fins, each of which is divided into a shorter forward portion and a much larger, winglike posterior section. Flying gurnards are further characterized by a covering of bony plates on their heads and by a single dorsal fin ray, separate from the rest of the fin and located on the nape of the neck. Flying gurnards grow to a maximum length of about 50 cm (20 inches). fly gurnard

Long, cylindrical, scaleless, and usually gray-brown (sometimes with a r.... electr eel

The tail region constitutes about four-fifths of the electric eel's total length, which is bordered along the underside by an undulating anal fin that is used to propel the fish. In one fish survey of a typical varzea, electric eels made up more than 70 percent of the fish biomass. The electric eel is a sluggish creature that prefers slow-moving fresh water, where it surfaces every few minutes to gulp air. The electric eel's penchant for shocking its prey may have evolved to protect its sensitive mouth from injury from struggling, often spiny, fish. The electric eel eats fallen fruit as well as fish, thereby aiding in seed dispersal via defecation. electr eel

The name El Niño was originally used during the 19th century by the fishermen of northern Peru in reference to.... ni el

The name El Ni as originally used during the 19th century by the fishermen of northern Peru in reference to the annual flow of warm equatorial waters southward around Christmas time. The intensity of El Ni pisodes varies from weak thermal anomalies (23 C [about 45 F]) with only moderate local effects to very strong anomalies (810 C [1418 F]) associated with worldwide climatic perturbations. El Ni nd the Southern Oscillation appear to be the oceanic and atmospheric components of a single large-scale, coupled interactionthe El Ni outhern Oscillation (ENSO). During the warm phase of ENSO, the South Pacific trade-wind system undergoes a change of state, or seesaw, in which the westward-blowing trades weaken along the equator as the normally high pressure in the eastern South Pacific decreases and the low pressure over northern Australia and Indonesia rises. The pressure change and diminished trade winds cause warm surface water to move eastward along the equator from the western! Pacific, while the warm surface layer in the east becomes thicker. Additionally, strong El Ni vents are associated with droughts in Indonesia, Australia, and northeastern South America and with altered patterns of tropical storms in the tropical belt. During the stronger El Ni pisodes, the atmospheric teleconnections are extensive enough to cause unusually severe winter weather at the higher latitudes of North and South America. ni el

The island probably was visited by the French explorer in 1622, and its early name was Minong (Chippewa Indian .... island 19th

Commercial copper mining was undertaken in the mid and late 19th century, and the waters around the island were commercially fished in the 19th century. By the beginning of the 20th century the island had become a popular resort area. The island consists of layered basaltic and sedimentary rock sculpted by glaciers into linear ridges and valleys. Hundreds of species of plants grow on the island, including many that are threatened or endangered. More than 200 kinds of birds, including herring gulls, warblers, and loons, visit the island and its waters. APA style: Isle Royale.

genus of marine or freshwater organisms called dinoflagellate.... plantlik animal-lik

The genus is claimed by both botanists and zoologists, for, like all dinoflagellates, it has both plantlike and animal-like species. plantlik animal-lik

Eagles are monogamous. They mate for life and use the same nest each year. They tend.... eagl eagles,

The , named after the foul, malign creatures (part woman and part bird) of Greek mythology, are large, powerful, crested eagles of the s of South America and the South Pacific. The New Guinea harpy eagle ( Harpyopsis novaeguineae ) is about 75 cm (30 inches) long. It is about 90 cm (35 inches) long, brown above and white below, with a crest of long, narrow feathers. The harrier eagles, six species of Circaetus (subfamily Circaetinae, serpent eagles), of Europe, Asia, and Africa, are about 60 cm (24 inches) long and have short unfeathered legs. The hawk eagles (genera Spizastur , Spizaetus , Lophaetus , and Hieraaetus , subfamily Accipitrinae) are lightly built eagles that have fully feathered legs and large beaks and feet. Bonelli's eagle ( Hieraaetus fasciatus ), of Mediterranean areas and parts of southern Asia, is about 60 cm (24 inches) long, is dark above and light below, has a broad tailband, and usually shows a white patch on the back. The sea eagles (sometimes called! fish, or fishing, eagles, Haliaeetus species), of which one of the best known is the ( H. Asian species include the gray-headed, or greater, fishing eagle ( Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus ) and the lesser fishing eagle ( I. The serpent eagles, or snake eagles, Spilornis (six species, subfamily Circaetinae), eat mostly snakes, including large poisonous ones. Other birds called serpent eagles, notably the long-tailed members of the genera Dryotriorchis (e.g., African serpent eagle) and Eutriorchis (e.g., the endangered Madagascar serpent eagle), occur in Africa.

Most dolphins are small, measuring less than 3 metres (10 feet) in length, .... fresh live

Dolphins are capable of living in either fresh or salt water. Some coastal species of oceanic dolphins spend considerable amounts of time in fresh water. Most river dolphins live in fresh water that may be several thousand kilometres from the sea, although some spend their lives in coastal waters.

two species of the genus Symphysodon of fishes in the family Cichlidae (order.... keep discu

Discus fish have an unusual form of parental care: the adults secrete a mucuslike substance onto their skin that provides nourishment for the young. Discus fish are difficult to keep in aquariums because of the strict water quality requirements necessary to keep them alive.

Damselfishes are lively and quick, and are usually strongl.... ( damselfish

Damselfishes are lively and quick, and are usually strongly territorial and aggressive. Most damselfishes live along reefs, but certain species, the anemone fishes, are noted for living among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Better-known members of the family include the bright-coloured species of Pomacentrus, the black-and-white, or three-stripe, damselfish ( Dascyllus aruanus ) of the Indo-Pacific; the garibaldi ( Hypsypops rubicunda ), a bright orange California fish about 30 cm long; the beau gregory ( Eupomacentrus leucostictus ), a blue-and-yellow Atlantic species; and the sergeant major ( Abudefduf saxatilis ), a black-banded, bluish and yellow fish of the tropics.

Though comb jellies are, for the most part, of small size, at least one species, the , may attain a length of more tha.... plankton ctenophor

Apart from a few creeping and parasitic species, ctenophores float freely suspended in the water. Except for one parasitic species, all of them are carnivorous, eating myriads of small planktonic animals. When abundant in a region, ctenophores consume most of the young of fish, larval crabs, clams, and oysters, as well as copepods and other planktonic animals that would otherwise serve as food for such commercial fish as sardines and herring.

Relief, drainage, and soils The islands emerged from the floor .... squar mile

Ngazidja, 443 square miles (1,148 square km), is the largest and loftiest island; it rises near its southern end in an active volcano, Mount Karthala, which at 7,746 feet (2,361 metres) is the country's highest point. Mwali, 112 square miles (290 square km), is the smallest island of the group. Nzwani, 164 square miles (425 square km), is a triangular island rising centrally in a volcanic massif (Mount Ntingui) that reaches about 5,200 feet (1,580 metres). Southeast of Nzwani lies , 144 square miles (373 square km), the oldest of the four islands.

A North Pacific species of cod, G. macrocephalus, is very similar in appearance .... style: line.

Smaller than the Atlantic cod, it grows to a maximum of about 75 cm (30 inches) long and is mottled brownish with a white lateral line. MLA style: "cod." APA style: cod.

Except for the eyes, the low-set mouth, and the fins and tail, boxfishes are encased in the rigid car.... boxfish relat

This covering consists of fused plates, and in cross section, depending on the species of fish, it takes the shape of a rough triangle, square, or pentagon. Boxfishes are often very attractively coloured. Related to the boxfishes are the keeled boxfishes of the family Aracanidae. APA style: boxfish.

Baikal lies in a deep structural hollow surrounded by mountains, some of which rise more than 6,600 feet (2,000 metr.... squar lake

Baikal lies in a deep structural hollow surrounded by mountains, some of which rise more than 6,600 feet (2,000 metres) above the lake's surface. There are occasional severe earthquakes; in 1862 a quake inundated about 77 square miles (200 square km) in the northern Selenga delta, creating a new bay in Baikal known as Proval Bay. The meandering shoreline runs for some 1,300 miles (2,100 km), with large indentations at the bays of Barguzin, Chivyrkuysky, and Proval and at Ayaya and Frolikha inlets; the Svyatoy Nos Peninsula juts out into the lake from the eastern shore. Baikal contains some 45 islets and islands, the largest of which are Olkhon (about 270 square miles [700 square km]) and Bolshoy (Great) Ushkany (3.6 square miles [9.4 square km]). The water temperature at the surface in August is between 50 and 54 F (10 and 12 C) and reaches 68 F (20 C) in the offshore shallows. A pulp and paper mill built on Lake Baikal's southern shore in 1966 drew strong environmental prot! ests from Soviet scientists and writers because its wastes were polluting the water, and in 1971 the Soviet government adopted a decree to protect the lake from polluting emissions. The Lake Baikal Coastal Protection Zone, covering the lake and its environs (a total of 34,000 square miles [88,000 square km]), was created in 1987, and the same area was designated a UNESCO in 1996. Grigory Ivanovich Galazy , Baikal: Sacred Sea of Siberia , Russia's Lake Baikal: The World's Great Lake, National Geographic , 181(6):237 (June 1992); O.M.

river in northeastern New Hampshire and southern Maine, U.S. It flow....

The major products of the communities in its drainage basin are pulp and paper (because of the abundance of waterpower, process water, and spruce-fir forests), textiles (in Lewiston, Maine), and shoes (in Auburn, Maine).